The CPU shouldn't be damaged, atleast, not for good, for some reason, they seem to be wacky for a little while if they get hot like that, but eventually go back to being normal, though, overclocking possibilities are gone for good
BTW, the system powering down for no reason was to protect the CPU, all modern motherboards have a shutdown temp, once you hit that, they usually power down, some just kill all power to the processor, others send a signal out to just flat out shut down instantly.