help with evil teacher...

[Juice Daddy]

this isn't to big of a deal, but I could use some help with this question...

what was Armand Hammer sentenced to, (few years in prison or something)

he was involved in the watergate scandal and some fake jurys and crap...
http://www.eatthestate.org/05-14/NaturePolitics.htm

later he got pardoned by president bush...

but what was he sentenced to???????????


I couldn't find that anywhere, and neither could my teacher...

later I asked him if I could had it in with the info I had, and he said no, so I said, but you couldn't even find it.... and he said its not my assignment... grrr...


although this has nothing to do with tech, any help is greatly appreciated...

 

[brady]

1976 After pleading guilty, Armand Hammer sentenced by Judge Lawrence Ly**** to one year probation and $3K fine, for his illegal campaign contribution and subsequent coverup.

 

[brady]

Armand Hammer
Soviet Agent of Influence
Timeline
1874 Father, Julius Hammer, born in Odessa a Ukranian Jew.
c. 1890 Julius Hammer emigrates to America.
1892 Julius Hammer joins the Socialist Labor Party.
21 May 1898 Armand Hammer born to Julius Hammer and Rose Lipshitz Hammer, Manhattan. Armand is named after the hammer and sickle, symbol of the Socialist movement.
1906 Julius Hammer declares bankruptcy.
1907 Julius Hammer meets Lenin at the Seventh Congress of the Second International, Stuttgart Germany.
1 Jun 1917 B.A., Columbia University.
5 Jul 1919 Armand Hammer (who has no medical degree at this time) performs an illegal abortion on Marie Oganesoff, wife of a Russian diplomat. She dies of complications, and Armand's father Julius decides to take the fall. Julius sentenced to three years hard labor for this crime he did not commit. (Dossier.)
1919 FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover opens a file, "61-280 -- Armand Hammer, Internal Security -- Russia."
1919 Julius Hammer founds the American Communist Party.
18 Sep 1920 Julius Hammer admitted to Sing-Sing Prison (#71516), for the botched abortion his son performed.
16 Apr 1921 Applies for a U.S. Passport.
17 Jun 1921 Medical degree, Columbia University.
1921 Travels to the Soviet Union.
1923 Julius Hammer released from jail.
31 Jan 1924 Receives medical license #18127.
c. 1925 Receives an asbestos mining commission for a site in the Urals.
1929 Armand Hammer's son, Julian, born in Moscow to Olga Vadina.
1929 Returns from the Soviet Union.
1955 Armand Hammer kills a man in a "drunken brawl."
1956 Purchases Occidental Petroleum, $120,000.
1961 J. Edgar Hoover memo: Hammer cannot be "pursued" because he is "protected" by Senator Al Gore Sr.
1970 Older brother, Harry, dies.
17 Jan 1973 Armand Hammer makes an illegal $54,000 anonymous campaign contribution to Richard M. Nixon's slush fund, money that was used in Watergate.
1973 Armand Hammer sells a zinc mine to the father of Al Gore, $160,000.
1973 Ten minutes after the above sale of land, Al Gore Sr. sells the zinc mine to his son, Al Gore, Jr., $140,000.
1976 After pleading guilty, Armand Hammer sentenced by Judge Lawrence Ly**** to one year probation and $3K fine, for his illegal campaign contribution and subsequent coverup.
1978 Love Canal dioxin disaster, caused by subsidiary Hooker Chemical's dumping.
1979 FBI launches an investigation over whether Armand Hammer attempted to bribe Los Angeles city officials.
1980 Buys Leonardo da Vinci manuscript Codex Leicester and renames it Codex Hammer.
21 Jun 1982 Prince Charles son, William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor born after 17 hours of labor, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. 7 lbs, 1.5 oz. Armand Hammer is the child's Godfather.
1985 Younger brother, Victor, dies.
1986 Obtains a seat on the board of Church and Dwight, the makers of Arm and Hammer Baking Soda.
1986 Pledges $1.3M to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in hopes of receiving a pardon. Never receives a pardon, and the money never materializes. Library tries to sue for the money.
1988 Covert DNA testing reveals that Armand's son, Julian, is indeed his son.
1988 Occidental Petroleum, revenue: $20B, profit: $302M.
14 Aug 1989 President George HW Bush pardons Armand Hammer, after he donates $100,000 to the Republican National Committee and $100,000 to the Bush-Quayle Inaugural Committee. Who says money can't buy you everything?
10 Dec 1990 Armand Hammer dies of cancer.
11 Nov 1994 Bill Gates buys Codex Hammer for $30,802,500 and renames it Codex Leicester again.
1995 At Vice President Al Gore's recommendation, Federal government sells Elk Hills oil reserves to Occidental Petroleum, $3.65B.
1996 Edward J. Epstein's book, Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer.

 

[brady]

Armand Hammer had committed two crimes after Nixon had won the election. The first was violating the campaign finance law that had gone into effect on April 7,1972 that made it a federal crime to contribute money anonymously to political campaigns. He had had delivered an anonymous contribution of laundered hundred dollar bills, in "safe money" on January 17, 1973 that had been used in the Watergate coverup (Money Hammer kept in a slush fund a UBS. account in Switzerland.)

His second and more serious crime was obstruction of justice. To conceal his illegal cash contribution from the Watergate investigation, Hammer had coordinated a cover-up involving false witnesses, perjury, back-dated promissory notes and false statements to the FBI by a half-dozen individuals. Although Hammer's hastily improvised cover up might have worked against a superficial examination of campaign contributions, it did not stand up against the Watergate Special Prosecution Force. His false witnesses made deals and identified Hammer as the true source of the illegal funds and conspiracy to obstruct justice.

His lawyer, Washington insider Edward Bennett Williams, worked out a deal in which Hammer would plead guilty to the lesser charges of making an illegal campaign contribution and, in return, the government would not prosecute Hammer for obstruction of justices. So Hammer pleaded guilty to three counts of making illegal campaign contributions and, in 1976, Judge Lawrence Ly**** sentenced Hammer to a $3,000 fine and one year's probation.

In 1984, Hammer began his four-year campaign to get a pardon from President Reagan. He retained Bruce Kauffman, a former Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice and a team of top Washington lawyers, and insisted that his pardon should be based on a "finding of innocence." In his petition, Kauffman asserted: "The need for rectification is urgent because, among other things... The Nobel Prize will be decided [and]... Dr. Hammer is under consideration for such honor, but will be impeded by this unjust blot on his otherwise unblemished record."

In addition, Hammer made a direct appeal for assistance in the matter to Edwin Meese III, Reagan's newly appointed Attorney-General. He stressed to Meese the need "to clear my name from the unjust blemish received in the aftermath of the Nixon Administration." He then invited Meese and others in Reagan's inner circle to his gala birthday party and me contributed heavily to the Presidential Dinner, which helped fund the Republican Party.

But Hammer's application went through channels to the Department of Justice, where the FBI noted Hammer had been the subject of an inconclusive Corruption of Public Officials investigation in 1979, and attorneys in the criminal prosecution division objected to the President granting Hammer a pardon based on a finding of innocence. Since, if granted, it implied that an innocent person had been coerced into pleading guilty. Hammer of was not innocent: he had voluntarily agreed to admit his guilt to misdemeanors in return for the government dropping the more serious felony charges of obstruction of justice.

Reagan, without the concurrence of the Department of Justice, did not grant Hammer his pardon in 1985. Hammer persisted, however.

In 1986, he pledged one million dollars to the planned Ronald Reagan Library, which made him the largest single pledger of funds for this project. Even so, he did not receive his pardon in 1986 or in 1987. Hammer then increased his commitment to the Reagan Library $1.3 million.

On leaving office, Reagan granted 32 pardons, none of which went to Hammer. (Hammer afterwards did not fulfill his pledge to the Reagan library fund.)

Hammer next turned to George Bush. He hired Howard Baker, the former chief of staff to Reagan, who also had a close liaison with Bush when he served as Vice President, as his lobbyist. He also contributed $110,000 to the Republican Party's National State Election Committee. But President Bush also looked to his Justice Department.

So Hammer, now 91, had his lawyers modify his pardon application. Instead of asking for a finding of innocence, he settled for a pardon based on Presidential compassion. The prosecutors did not object to a pardon that did not vindicate Hammer. And, on August 14th, Bush granted Hammer his pardon.

Thus, Presidents Reagan and Bush predicated their decisions on pardoning Hammer on the objections, or lack of objections, of their respective Department of Justice. Reagan elected not override its recommendation even though Hammer was the single-largest supporter of his library. Bush granted the pardon only after the prosecutors in the Department of Justice withdrew their objections.

 

[Juice Daddy]

excellent huge help thanx

 

[brady]

no problem : )