Try what trotter mentioned. use someone else's computer, and add your account to their outlook to see if it receives. that will determine whether it is your computer or not. there's a good chance that it is simply the program having a glitch. a reinstall is seemingly painless, that's where i would start.
Well a repair install of Office didn't work. A reinstall of Office didn't work. An uninstall and fresh install worked AFTER Norton popped up telling me that Outlook was trying to connect to a DNS server and I clicked "allow". Probably Norton was the problem the whole time. Queue the uninstall of Norton.