The .NET Framework is exactly what its name says it is -- a framework. It's a huge collection of class libraries and a runtime environment that executes programs that have been compiled to or written in the Microsoft Intermediate Language.
I'm not quite sure why you say "simple languages". I'm assuming that's because you think visual basic .NET is a simple language, when it is actually just as complex as C# or any other .NET language. Anyhow, in order to write a program, you'll need to know a programming language, like one of the two I just mentioned.
Yes, the .NET framework comes with visual studio.